| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Stanley plan ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Stanley plan
The Stanley plan was a package of 13 statutes adopted in September 1956 by the U.S. state of Virginia designed to ensure racial segregation in that state's public schools despite the unanimous ruling of the Supreme Court of the United States in ''Brown v. Board of Education'', 347 U.S. 483 (1954) that school segregation was unconstitutional. The legislative program was named for Governor Thomas B. Stanley, who proposed the program and successfully pushed for its enactment. The Stanley plan was a critical element in the policy of "massive resistance" to the ''Brown'' ruling advocated by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr.〔Duke, p. 18.〕 The plan also included measures designed to curb the Virginia state chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which many Virginia segregationists believed was responsible for "stirring up" litigation to integrate the public schools.〔
The plan was enacted by the Virginia Assembly on September 22, 1956,〔 and signed into law by Governor Stanley on September 29.〔 A federal court struck down a portion of the Stanley plan as unconstitutional in January 1957.〔Baker, Robert E. "Virginia's Placement Law Illegal, Court Rules." ''Washington Post.'' January 12, 1957.〕 By 1960, nearly all of the major elements of the plan (including the litigation curbs aimed at the NAACP) had been struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal and state courts.〔〔Dickson, p. 320.〕 The constitutional invalidity of the Stanley plan led new governor of Virginia, James Lindsay Almond, Jr., to propose "passive resistance" to school integration in 1959.〔 The Supreme Court declared portions of "passive resistance" unconstitutional in 1964 and again in 1968.〔〔
==Background==
On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its ruling in ''Brown v. Board of Education'', in which the unanimous court held that separate public schools for black and white students was unconstitutional. Although agitation for an end to racial segregation in schools (and society at large) had been building in the United States since the end of World War II,〔Patterson, p. 1-45.〕 ''Brown'' sparked the modern American civil rights movement.〔Martin, p. 218.〕
The initial reaction of most Virginia politicians and newspapers to the ''Brown'' decision was restrained.〔Ryan, p. 35.〕 From the 1920s to the late 1960s, Virginia politics had been dominated by the Byrd Organization, a political machine led by Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. (who was also a former governor of Virginia).〔Bass and DeVries, p. 339-340.〕 Top leaders in the Byrd Organization, such as Governor Thomas B. Stanley and Attorney General James Lindsay Almond, Jr., were also at first reserved in their reaction to the ''Brown'' ruling.〔Thorndike, p. 53.〕 However, this changed when James J. Kilpatrick, editor of ''The Richmond News Leader'' in Richmond, Virginia, quickly adopted a defiant and unyielding opposition to racial integration of public schools.〔Thorndike, p. 51-52.〕 Kilpatrick adopted the pre-American Civil War constitutional theory of interposition, and began publicly pushing for the state of Virginia to actively oppose the Supreme Court.〔 Kilpatrick's hardening position, historian Joseph J. Thorndike has written, "likely...helped stiffen the resolve of several key figures, especially Byrd."〔 On June 18, 1954, political leaders in Virginia's Southside (a collection of counties in the south-central region of the state) met and agreed to ask for vigorous state opposition to ''Brown''.〔Thorndike, p. 55.〕 Stanley, himself from the Southside, was deeply influenced by the strong segregationist sentiments expressed at this meeting.〔Sweeney, p. 27.〕〔African Americans constituted about 40 percent (sometimes more) of the counties of the Southside and the Tidewater, and the prospect of losing political power to blacks intensified the segregationist feelings of whites in these areas. See: Sweeney, p. 27. James Lindsay Almond observed in 1968 that Southsiders voted in large percentages for Byrd Organization candidates. "...()s a result the Southside has exercised a power disproportionate to its part of the over-all population of the state." Almond believed that "there would have been no hard, unyielding core of massive resistance in Virginia" if the Southside had not provided such a large bloc of strongly segregationist voters to the Byrd Organization. Almond quoted in Wilkinson, p. 119-120.〕 Six days later, Governor Stanley announced he would "use every legal means at my command to continue segregated schools in Virginia."〔"Stanley Backs Segregation." ''United Press International.'' June 26, 1954.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Stanley plan」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|